A new paper attempting to decipher the out of Africa exit route by focusing on Ethiopian and Egyptian autosomal genetics was published a couple of weeks ago. Putting aside the 'hocus pocus' autosomal analysis for a moment, I was quite intrigued by the more concrete uniparental relative frequency images published in the supplemental material, not a lot of clarity is attached with these images however as the actual numbers are not given.
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Note that the phylogeny they reference for the results here, is from Phylotree Y.
Below I have attempted to interpret some of the colors from the image into Numerical approximations, note these are only approximations and not a substitute for the real data, of which I am not privy to.
A-M13 :
The prevalence of this haplogroup in Ethiopia has always been known to us, however the extremely high frequency in the Wolayta is quite a surprise, this could be due to the relatively small sample size however, as the much higher sample size of the Wolayta found in the Plaster thesis, only showed 13% of A-M13.
B-M150 and B-M8495 :
Only found in the Gumuz, we have known for a while that B is not prevalent at all in the wider Ethiopian population, rather it is a continuation of the much larger B frequencies found in Niloitic Sudan. Still, it is good to see a finer resolution of B, and that the majority of B clades in Ethiopia belong to the small B-M8495 branch.
E-M96:
This could potentially be a wide variety of things, but my money would be on E-M329, sister clade to E-M2 and child clade of E-V38, which in turn is a sister clade to E-M215, the most prevalent YDNA lineage in Ethiopia.
E-M215
As this is showing only in Northern Ethiopia, I would think it maybe E-V92, it still could however be a basal "E3b" lineage.
E-V22
A variant of E-M78, this lineage has always been found in low amounts in Ethiopia, with moderate amounts in Sudan and Egypt.
E-Z1902
This is a lineage that is found downstream of E-M78, but unites E-V12 with E-V65, which means the results would include E-V32 , a sublineage of E-V12 and the most frequent YDNA lineage in Somalis, I would wager that all of the E-Z1902 is actually E-V32, since E-V65 has never been found in Ethiopia thus far. There is a chance that some E-V12* could be in the mix as well.
E-Z830
This lineage has been discussed before, it unites many lineages in Ethiopia, including E-M34,E-M293 and E-V42. It looks like they did not test for E-V42 from the image however, so it could be E-V42.
E-M34
The prevalence of this lineage in southern Ethiopia from the image above, could be further confirmation of the high frequency of E-M34 found in the omotic speaking Maale from the plaster thesis.
EM4145
This is a tricky one, I am not sure what it is , I have searched for SNPs named as such and came back empty handed, to complicate things further, it is shaded a similar color as E-M293, but I discounted that lineage based on the fact that the lineage they report here is found in relatively high frequency in Ethiopia, whereas previous data shows that E-M293 is only found in low to moderate frequencies in Ethiopia. My best guess for this SNP would be something equivalent to E-V6, if not that then E-P2(x E-M215), but with less confidence for the latter, as if that was the case, I would think they would have given it a more basal presence in the hierarchy of YDNA lineages from the image above.
J and T
These F belonging lineages look both to be inline with what we already know in terms of frequency distribution throughout Ethiopia.
refs:
http://ethiohelix.blogspot.com/2010_12_01_archive.html
http://ethiohelix.blogspot.com/2012/01/e1b1b-update.html
http://ethiohelix.blogspot.com/2012/11/extensive-doctoral-thesis-on-ethiopian.html
http://ethiohelix.blogspot.com/2013/05/another-extensive-thesis-on-east.html
Update 06/07/2015 - MTDNA
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Find below approximations for the frequencies of lineages found from the image above
L0
L0 has been found readily in Ethiopia before, it is mostly of the L0a type, this finding is therefore inline with what was known before.
L1
Low presence of L1 has also been found in Ethiopia, typically it has been of the L1b variety, here it was only found in 1 out of the 5 populations sampled from Ethiopia
L2
Significant frequencies of this lineage have been documented before, mostly of the L2a variety but to a lesser extent of the L2b variety as well.
L3(x M,N)
L3 encompasses all maternal lineages outside Africa, and many inside Africa. The results shown here are L3 lineages that do not include the signature lineages of the out of Africa migration , i.e. M and N. These L3 lineages have an ample variety of sub-lineages found in Ethiopia, look here for a more detailed accounting for this lineage.
L4
This data shows L4 only being found in the Gumuz and Wolayta, but in fact it has been found throughout Ethiopia in moderate frequencies , albeit much higher frequencies have been found in hunter gatherers further south from Ethiopia (Hadza).
L5
Similar to L4 , L5 has also been found throughout Ethiopia but in slightly lower frequencies.
L6
This is quite a rare lineage outside of Ethiopia, and within it, has only been found in low frequencies.
M
The first of L3's sub lineages found outside Africa, the frequencies shown here are consistent with previous findings. The origin of this lineage is obscure and has a TMRCA of 60 KYA, close to when the out of Africa migrations are thought to have occurred and only 10 KYA younger than its predecessor L3. Almost all lineages found in Ethiopia are of the M1a variety however, with an estimated TMRCA of 20-30 KYA.
N(x H-X)
The other L3 sub lineage found outside of Africa, N encompasses all non-African maternal lineages that do not belong to M. It is also estimated to have a TMRCA of about 60 KYA. Most N designated lineages in Ethiopia are further categorized as N1a with a TMRCA of ~ 20 KYA.
R0
A sub-lineage of N, that is found throughout East Africa but mostly in Ethiopia, the sginifcant varient of this lineage is R0a1. Note that in the image provided, it is hard to distinguish between R0a, T and K, all of which have been found in Ethiopia before, however, R0a with much larger frequencies.
U
Another sub-lineage of N with an ancient presence in Ethiopia, it should mostly be of the U6a1 variety.
Other
Other refers to lineages that belong to N, but not to R0 or U. These 'other' lineages are for the most part limited to HV, I and T.
Refs:
http://ethiohelix.blogspot.com/2012/01/mother-of-mothers.html#uds-search-results
http://ethiohelix.blogspot.com/2012/04/copernican-reassessment-of-human.html
http://ethiohelix.blogspot.com/2013/01/east-african-mtdna-variation-has.html#uds-search-results
http://ethiohelix.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-east-african-mtdna-charts.html#uds-search-results
Note that the phylogeny they reference for the results here, is from Phylotree Y.
Below I have attempted to interpret some of the colors from the image into Numerical approximations, note these are only approximations and not a substitute for the real data, of which I am not privy to.
| Amhara | Eth Somali | Gumuz | Oromo | Wolayta | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-M13 | 27% | 0% | 55% | 19% | 48% |
| B-M150 | 0% | 0% | 4% | 0% | 0% |
| B-M8495 | 0% | 0% | 35% | 0% | 0% |
| E-M96 | 3% | 4% | 0% | 6% | 12% |
| E-M215 | 3% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| E-V22 | 9% | 0% | 0% | 5% | 3% |
| E-Z1902 | 8% | 80% | 4% | 20% | 0% |
| E-Z830 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 3% |
| E-M34 | 3% | 0% | 0% | 5% | 13% |
| EM4145 | 17% | 0% | 0% | 25% | 20% |
| J | 25% | 11% | 0% | 19% | 0% |
| T | 3% | 4% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
A-M13 :
The prevalence of this haplogroup in Ethiopia has always been known to us, however the extremely high frequency in the Wolayta is quite a surprise, this could be due to the relatively small sample size however, as the much higher sample size of the Wolayta found in the Plaster thesis, only showed 13% of A-M13.
B-M150 and B-M8495 :
Only found in the Gumuz, we have known for a while that B is not prevalent at all in the wider Ethiopian population, rather it is a continuation of the much larger B frequencies found in Niloitic Sudan. Still, it is good to see a finer resolution of B, and that the majority of B clades in Ethiopia belong to the small B-M8495 branch.
E-M96:
This could potentially be a wide variety of things, but my money would be on E-M329, sister clade to E-M2 and child clade of E-V38, which in turn is a sister clade to E-M215, the most prevalent YDNA lineage in Ethiopia.
E-M215
As this is showing only in Northern Ethiopia, I would think it maybe E-V92, it still could however be a basal "E3b" lineage.
E-V22
A variant of E-M78, this lineage has always been found in low amounts in Ethiopia, with moderate amounts in Sudan and Egypt.
E-Z1902
This is a lineage that is found downstream of E-M78, but unites E-V12 with E-V65, which means the results would include E-V32 , a sublineage of E-V12 and the most frequent YDNA lineage in Somalis, I would wager that all of the E-Z1902 is actually E-V32, since E-V65 has never been found in Ethiopia thus far. There is a chance that some E-V12* could be in the mix as well.
E-Z830
This lineage has been discussed before, it unites many lineages in Ethiopia, including E-M34,E-M293 and E-V42. It looks like they did not test for E-V42 from the image however, so it could be E-V42.
E-M34
The prevalence of this lineage in southern Ethiopia from the image above, could be further confirmation of the high frequency of E-M34 found in the omotic speaking Maale from the plaster thesis.
EM4145
This is a tricky one, I am not sure what it is , I have searched for SNPs named as such and came back empty handed, to complicate things further, it is shaded a similar color as E-M293, but I discounted that lineage based on the fact that the lineage they report here is found in relatively high frequency in Ethiopia, whereas previous data shows that E-M293 is only found in low to moderate frequencies in Ethiopia. My best guess for this SNP would be something equivalent to E-V6, if not that then E-P2(x E-M215), but with less confidence for the latter, as if that was the case, I would think they would have given it a more basal presence in the hierarchy of YDNA lineages from the image above.
J and T
These F belonging lineages look both to be inline with what we already know in terms of frequency distribution throughout Ethiopia.
refs:
http://ethiohelix.blogspot.com/2010_12_01_archive.html
http://ethiohelix.blogspot.com/2012/01/e1b1b-update.html
http://ethiohelix.blogspot.com/2012/11/extensive-doctoral-thesis-on-ethiopian.html
http://ethiohelix.blogspot.com/2013/05/another-extensive-thesis-on-east.html
Update 06/07/2015 - MTDNA
Find below approximations for the frequencies of lineages found from the image above
| Amhara | Eth Somali | Gumuz | Oromo | Wolayta | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L0 | 8% | 4% | 11% | 4% | 17% |
| L1 | 7% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| L2 | 16% | 27% | 0% | 4% | 12% |
| L3(x M,N) | 8% | 41% | 52% | 32% | 28% |
| L4 | 0% | 0% | 22% | 0% | 8% |
| L5 | 0% | 0% | 13% | 4% | 6% |
| L6 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 4% | 4% |
| M | 24% | 3% | 0% | 12% | 4% |
| N(x H-X) | 7% | 20% | 0% | 4% | 0% |
| R0 | 9% | 3% | 0% | 18% | 10% |
| U | 4% | 0% | 0% | 4% | 0% |
| Other | 15% | 0% | 0% | 12% | 9% |
L0
L0 has been found readily in Ethiopia before, it is mostly of the L0a type, this finding is therefore inline with what was known before.
L1
Low presence of L1 has also been found in Ethiopia, typically it has been of the L1b variety, here it was only found in 1 out of the 5 populations sampled from Ethiopia
L2
Significant frequencies of this lineage have been documented before, mostly of the L2a variety but to a lesser extent of the L2b variety as well.
L3(x M,N)
L3 encompasses all maternal lineages outside Africa, and many inside Africa. The results shown here are L3 lineages that do not include the signature lineages of the out of Africa migration , i.e. M and N. These L3 lineages have an ample variety of sub-lineages found in Ethiopia, look here for a more detailed accounting for this lineage.
L4
This data shows L4 only being found in the Gumuz and Wolayta, but in fact it has been found throughout Ethiopia in moderate frequencies , albeit much higher frequencies have been found in hunter gatherers further south from Ethiopia (Hadza).
L5
Similar to L4 , L5 has also been found throughout Ethiopia but in slightly lower frequencies.
L6
This is quite a rare lineage outside of Ethiopia, and within it, has only been found in low frequencies.
M
The first of L3's sub lineages found outside Africa, the frequencies shown here are consistent with previous findings. The origin of this lineage is obscure and has a TMRCA of 60 KYA, close to when the out of Africa migrations are thought to have occurred and only 10 KYA younger than its predecessor L3. Almost all lineages found in Ethiopia are of the M1a variety however, with an estimated TMRCA of 20-30 KYA.
N(x H-X)
The other L3 sub lineage found outside of Africa, N encompasses all non-African maternal lineages that do not belong to M. It is also estimated to have a TMRCA of about 60 KYA. Most N designated lineages in Ethiopia are further categorized as N1a with a TMRCA of ~ 20 KYA.
R0
A sub-lineage of N, that is found throughout East Africa but mostly in Ethiopia, the sginifcant varient of this lineage is R0a1. Note that in the image provided, it is hard to distinguish between R0a, T and K, all of which have been found in Ethiopia before, however, R0a with much larger frequencies.
U
Another sub-lineage of N with an ancient presence in Ethiopia, it should mostly be of the U6a1 variety.
Other
Other refers to lineages that belong to N, but not to R0 or U. These 'other' lineages are for the most part limited to HV, I and T.
Refs:
http://ethiohelix.blogspot.com/2012/01/mother-of-mothers.html#uds-search-results
http://ethiohelix.blogspot.com/2012/04/copernican-reassessment-of-human.html
http://ethiohelix.blogspot.com/2013/01/east-african-mtdna-variation-has.html#uds-search-results
http://ethiohelix.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-east-african-mtdna-charts.html#uds-search-results